The problem of population is a fundamental, overall, long-term and strategic issue for China to achieve its goal of social modernization. It is noted that advanced population transformation in China has created favorable conditions for its economic development, whilst the imbalance of population development in the new era has become the main contradiction in China's population development. Therefore, it is necessary to further promote the cohesion of fertility policy and related economic and social policies, strengthen studies of population development strategy, and actively deal with issues of population aging. Moreover, it is also necessary to improve the population policy system, explore the path of population development, and achieve the long-term balanced population development from multi-disciplines, multi-levels and multi-dimensions.