In the process of carrying out poverty alleviation work, more attention has been increasingly paid to working poverty to solve the problem of promoting and realizing higher-quality employment of the working poor. This study, by using the 2017 survey data of the workforce in Beijing, analyzed the factors affecting the employment quality of the working poor. The results show that the overall effect of labor remuneration on the employment quality of the working poor is relatively weak; working hours have a weak explanation of the employment quality of the working poor; career development and professional respect have a significant impact on the employment quality of the working poor; and the signal effect of human capital on the employment quality of the working poor is significant. Therefore, as a trade union organization dedicated to serving employees, in order to satisfy the needs of employees for a better life, we should pay close attention to the problem of employee poverty at work. From the perspective of the role of trade unions, the study puts forward three policy recommendations for improving the human capital level of the working poor, establishing and improving the working poverty screening system, and improving the medical subsidy system for the working poor employees.