In recent years, China's fertility policy has undergone a few adjustments, reflecting the state's recognition of the importance of population reproduction in social development. However, the fertility rate has not been effectively improved, whilst discrimination against women in the labor market is still widespread. The study concludes that the conflict between childbirth and the working family is the main factor influencmg the current situation of childbirth in China, whereas the universal three-child policy may exacerbate this conflict. The study proposes that the importance of population reproduction in social development should be re-examined on the basis of theories of population reproduction and material production. Moreover, criteria for measuring women's social and femily status should take both population reproduction and material production into consideration. At the same time, the state, enterprises, and families should work together to safeguard the rights of both labor and fertility of women to assist them in their role of material production and population reproduction.