Trade union governance is an important component of national governance, and the modernization of trade union governance is also an inevitable requirement for the modernization of national governance. Based on the theory of the modernization of national governance proposed in the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the Fourth Plenary Session of the19th CPC Central Committee, and the report of the 20th National Congress of the CPC, this study, taking into account the actual situation of trade unions, explores and analyzes several key issues regarding trade union governance in the new era. It is insisted in the study that there should be dialectical unity in governance of and by trade unions, while governance of trade unions includes participation in governance and the self-governance of trade unions, and the self-governance of trade unions includes the organizational construction and operation of trade unions. To achieve the modernization of the trade union governance system and governance capacity, efforts should be made to consolidate the institutional foundation of trade union governance, enhance trade union governance capacity, and strengthen the governance of trade unions as social organizations. Only in this way can we give full play to the advantages and effectiveness of China's trade union system and promote the modernization of China's labor movement.