The history of Marx's thought development is also a history of the evolution of labor-capital relations theory. From Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 to wage labor and capital, the narrative logic of Marx's wage labor and capital theory has undergone an evolution from economic-philosophical reflection centered on alienated labor and private property, to a historical analysis centered on division of labor and forms of social interaction, and finally to political economy criticism centered on production methods and production relations. Thus, Marx integrated historical materialism, political economy and scientific socialism, constructed a concise framework for wage labor and capital research, criticized the alienation of labor within the context of capitalist production methods and production relations as well, and eventually established a revolutionary paradigm for understanding and transforming the world. Drawing inspirations from Marx's theory of wage labor and capital would thus be an inevitable choice for deconstructing the pattern of labor-capital relations of 21st-century capitalism and promoting the modernization of labor-capital relations governance in China.